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On April 15, 1999, Dissanayake gave a talk at MOCRA titled, 鈥淚n the Beginning, Art.鈥� Learn more here.

Dissanayake鈥檚 first book, 鈥淲hat is Art For?鈥� was published in 1988 by the University of Washington Press, which announced,

This book offers a new and unprecedentedly comprehensive theory of the evolutionary significance of art. Art, meaning not only visual art, but music, poetic language, dance, and performance, is for the first time regarded from a biobehavioral or ethical viewpoint. It is shown to be a biological necessity in human existence and fundamental characteristic of the human species.

In this provocative study, Ellen Dissanayake examines art along with play and ritual as human behaviors that 鈥渕ake special,鈥� and proposes that making special is an inherited tendency as intrinsic to the human species as speech and toolmaking. She claims that the arts evolved as means of making socially important activities memorable and pleasurable, and thus have been essential to human survival.

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Broadly speaking, are images or symbols that are marked into a rock surface through carving, incising or other means. They are distinguished from petrographs, which are drawn or painted onto the surface of a rock. Petroglyphs are found worldwide and can date back tens of thousands of years.

Examples of cupules. Source:

More specifically, cupules are defined as 鈥渁 hemispherical petroglyph, created by percussion, existing on a horizontal or vertical surface.鈥� .

Reproduction of a painting of a bison of the Cave of Altamira. Source: .

Prehistoric cave paintings can be found in . There is scientific debate over which site is the oldest, but a leading contender is the Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave in southern France. Other well-known sites include the Lascaux Cave, also in France, and the Cave of Altamira in northern Spain.

The Chauvet caves have received much attention鈥� (the website is in French). In order to preserve the caves and paintings from deterioration, . Film director Werner Herzog was able to gain unprecedented access to the cave, resulting in a stunning 2010 film titled 鈥淐ave of Forgotten Dreams.鈥�

The Society of Jesus, a.k.a. the Jesuits, is an order of Roman Catholic priests and brothers founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola in the sixteenth century. , during one stage of which they are referred to as 鈥�scholastics.鈥�

Salvador Dal铆, 鈥淐hrist of St. John of the Cross,鈥� 1951. Collection of the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum. Source:

鈥淐hrist of St. John of the Cross鈥� is a 1951 painting by Spanish artist (1904鈥�1989) now in the collection of the in Glasgow, Scotland. One of Dal铆鈥檚 most recognizable and celebrated works, its unusual composition is based on a drawing by the 16th-century Spanish friar and mystic John of the Cross. .

(1917鈥�2004) was a French filmmaker and anthropologist considered to be one of the founders of 肠颈苍茅尘补-惫茅谤颈迟茅 in France. He filmed in various regions in Africa for over sixty years. .

One of the African peoples Rouch documented in his films were the, an ethnic group living in the central plateau region of Mali, in Western Africa. The Dogon are best known for their religious traditions, particularly as expressed in elaborate masks used in ritual dances, wooden sculpture, and architecture.

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Port Moresby is the capital and largest city of , an island nation in Oceania north of Australia. The is the longest river on the island of New Guinea.

Head for Yam Ceremony (Yena), 19th-early 20th century, Yasyin-Mayo people, Yau village, Washkuk Hills, Upper Sepik region, Papua New Guinea. Collection of the .

Yams play a prominent role in the agricultural and ceremonial practices of the various peoples who live along the Sepik River. ,

The Kwoma, Nukuma, and Yasyin-Mayo peoples of the Waskuk Hills region north of the Upper Sepik River in New Guinea share a distinctive artistic tradition centered on an annual sequence of ceremonies devoted to the cultivation of yams. A supernaturally powerful food, yams cannot be eaten until the spirits (sikilowas) responsible for their growth and, more generally, for the welfare of the community have been appropriately honored. . . . Each ceremony requires the creation of a specific type of figure. Carved wood heads such as this one are created . . . When in use, the boldly painted heads are further embellished with brightly colored leaves, feathers, and other ornaments.

The 1974 exhibition 鈥�鈥� was presented at the National Gallery in Washington, DC. .

The exhibition 鈥�,鈥� featuring Cave鈥檚 鈥淪oundsuits鈥� sculptures, was presented at the Saint Louis Art Museum from October 31, 2014 to March 8, 2015.

The 1969 painting 鈥溾�� by Irish painter (1909鈥�1992) sold at auction in November 2013 for $142.4 million. Learn more about the painting in this Wikipedia article.

Also in November 2013, the stainless steel sculpture Balloon Dog (Orange) by (b. 1955), dated 1994-2000, . See the auction listing here.

Artist Craig Antrim creates abstract paintings informed by philosophy, Jungian psychology, Joseph Campbell and art history. His work was included in the acclaimed 1986 show, 鈥淭he Spiritual in Art Abstract Painting 1890鈥�1985,鈥� held at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (see below at 41:25). Antrim's work is included in the MOCRA collection and has been featured in a number of MOCRA exhibitions.

Fr. Dempsey refes to a number of exhibitions.

鈥�鈥� was displayed at PS1 in New York from April 13 to June 15, 1986. It included artist Ann McCoy, who has been exhibited at MOCRA.

The exhibition 鈥�Sacred Spaces鈥� was presented at the in Syracuse from January 22 to March 23, 1987. It included Ann McCoy, as well as Tobi Kahn and Michael Tracy, whose works are found in the MOCRA collection. .

鈥淥ther Gods: Containers of Belief鈥� was organized by in Washington, D.C., in 1986. in The New York Times. .

The landmark exhibition 鈥淭he Spiritual in Art: Abstract Painting 1890-1985鈥� was shown at the (LACMA) from November 23, 1986, to March 8, 1987. in The Criterion. .

Paul Gauguin, 鈥淲here Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? 鈥�1897鈥�1898. Collection of the . Source:

French Post-Impressionist artist (1848-1903) considered the painting 鈥溾�� to be his masterpiece. The title is inscribed in the upper left of the painting, in French: D鈥檕u Venons Nous / Que Sommes Nous / O霉 Allons Nous.

Read more about evolutionary adaptations and human childbirth in this .

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, families from the United States and other Western countries began adopting children who had been raised in orphanages in Eastern bloc countries such as Romania and Russia (in 1989, there were were more than 100,000 children in Romanian government institutions). It soon became apparent that these children had significant behavioral and developmental challenges, and a number of researchers began studying the causes and effects of these problems.

, both while in the orphanages and after adoption.